close links
as defined in Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April…, Article 4(1), point (31)
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by: (a) participation which means the ownership, direct or by way of control, of 20% or more of the voting rights or capital of an undertaking, (b) control which means the relationship between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary, in all the cases referred to in Article 1(1) and (2) of Directive 83/349/EEC, or a similar relationship between any natural or legal person and an undertaking, any subsidiary undertaking of a subsidiary undertaking also being considered a subsidiary of the parent undertaking which is at the head of those undertakings. A situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are permanently linked to one and the same person by a control relationship shall also be regarded as constituting a close link between such persons.
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Also defined in
- MiCA 32023R1114, Article 3(1), point (31)
close links as defined in Article 4(1), point (35), of Directive 2014/65/EU - Directive (EU) 2016/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 January 2016 on insurance distribution… 32016L0097, Article 2(1), point (13)
close links as defined in Article 13 point 17 of Directive 2009/138/EC - Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial… 32014R0600, Article 2(1), point (21)
close links as defined in Article 4(1)(35) of Directive 2014/65/EU - Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments… 32014L0065, Article 4(1), point (35)
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by: (a) participation in the form of ownership, direct or by way of control, of 20 % or more of the voting rights or capital of an undertaking; (b) ‘control’ which means the relationship between a parent undertaking and a… - CRR 32013R0575, Article 4(1), point (38)
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked in any of the following ways: (a) participation in the form of ownership, direct or by way of control, of 20 % or more of the voting rights or capital of an undertaking; (b) control; (c) a permanent link of both or all of them to… - Directive 2013/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on access to the activity of credit… 32013L0036, Article 3(1), point (35)
close links as defined in point (38) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 - Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on OTC derivatives, central… 32012R0648, Article 2, point (24)
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by: (a) participation, by way of direct ownership or control, of 20 % or more of the voting rights or capital of an undertaking; or (b) control or a similar relationship between any natural or legal person and an undertaking or a… - Directive 2011/61/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on Alternative Investment Fund… 32011L0061, Article 4(1), point (e)
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by: (i) participation, namely ownership, directly or by way of control, of 20 % or more of the voting rights or capital of an undertaking; (ii) control, namely the relationship between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary, as… - Directive 2009/138/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the taking-up and pursuit of… 32009L0138, Article 13, point (17)
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by control or participation, or a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are permanently linked to one and the same person by a control relationship - Directive 2009/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on the coordination of laws… 32009L0065, Article 2(1), point (i)
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by either: (i) ‘participation’, which means the ownership, direct or by way of control, of 20 % or more of the voting rights or capital of an undertaking; or (ii) ‘control’, which means the relationship between a ‘parent… - Directive 2006/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2006 relating to the taking up and… 32006L0048, Article 4, point (46)
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked in any of the following ways: (a) participation in the form of ownership, direct or by way of control, of 20 % or more of the voting rights or capital of an undertaking; (b) control; or (c) the fact that both or all are… - Directive 2002/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the supplementary supervision… 32002L0087, Article 2, point (13)
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by: (a) "participation", which shall mean the ownership, direct or by way of control, of 20 % or more of the voting rights or capital of an undertaking; or (b) "control", which shall mean the relationship between a parent… - Directive 2002/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 November 2002 concerning life assurance 32002L0083, Article 1(1), point (r)
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by: (i) participation, which shall mean the ownership, direct or by way of control, of 20 % or more of the voting rights or capital of an undertaking; or (ii) control, which shall mean the relationship between a parent undertaking… - Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 March 2000 relating to the taking up and… 32000L0012, Article 1, point (26)
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by: (a) participation, which shall mean the ownership, direct or by way of control, of 20 % or more of the voting rights or capital of an undertaking, or (b) control, which shall mean the relationship between a parent undertaking… - Regulation (EU) No 909/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on improving securities… 02014R0909-20260117, Article 2(1), point (48)
(48) ‘close links’ means close links as defined in Article 4(1), point (35), of Directive 2014/65/EU;