know-how

VBER, Article 1(1)(j) First adopted 2022-05-10

a package of non-patented practical information, resulting from experience and testing by the supplier, which is secret, substantial and identified

R&D BER, Article 1(9) Own wording adopted 2023-06-01

a package of non-patented practical information, resulting from experience and testing by the supplier, which is: (a) ‘ secret’, meaning that it is not generally known or easily accessible; (b) ‘ substantial’, meaning that it is significant and useful for the production of the contract products or the application of the contract technologies; and (c) ‘ identified’, meaning that it is described in a sufficiently comprehensive manner so as to make it possible to verify that it fulfils the criteria of secrecy and substantiality

Compared with VBER: struck words are only in VBER, marked words only here.

TTBER, Article 1(1)(i) Own wording adopted 2026-04-16

a package of non-patented practical information, resulting from experience and testing by the supplier, which is: (i) secret, that is to say, not generally known or easily accessible, (ii) substantial, that is to say, significant and useful for the production of the contract products, and (iii) identified, that is to say, described in a sufficiently comprehensive manner so as to make it possible to verify that it fulfils the criteria of secrecy and substantiality

Compared with VBER: struck words are only in VBER, marked words only here.